Representation authority in joint stock companies is a cornerstone of corporate law, shaping both internal governance and external relations. Since legal entities can act only through their organs, the scope and exercise of this authority directly determine the company’s capacity to engage in binding transactions. With the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 (“ TCC ”), the ultra vires doctrine was abolished. As a result, transactions carried out by duly authoriz

Under Turkish law, stamp tax is imposed on a wide range of documents, as outlined in Article 1 of the Stamp Tax Law No. 488 (“ Law ”)....

Anonim ortaklıklarda pay sahibinin şirkete karşı tek borcu, kural olarak taahhüt etmiş olduğu sermaye koyma borcunun yerine...

In joint stock companies, the only obligation of the shareholder towards the company is, as a rule, the payment of the subscribed capital...